![]() Hence we speculate that many human populations have pre-existing Ig responses to infection by common coronaviruses. ![]() Coronavirus infections trigger the host to produce immunoglobulins (Igs). Unlike SARS and MERS, the four other coronaviruses (229E, NL63, HKU1, and OC43) have been circulating in humans for centuries, and their infections of the respiratory tract only lead to mild symptoms, such as the common cold. The 2003 SARS epidemic and the 2012 MERS epidemic were caused by two different highly pathogenic coronaviruses and led to thousands of deaths. SARS-CoV-2 and six other coronaviruses (229E, NL63, HKU1, OC43, SARS, and MERS) can cause diseases in humans. In March 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic and worldwide public health emergency. ![]() Because the virus is highly contagious, COVID-19 has spread throughout China and Europe, and then worldwide, resulting in more than 90 million people with the disease and more than 2 million deaths worldwide by the end of 2020 (data from coronavirus resource center in Johns Hopkins University). SARS-CoV-2 can infect humans and other vertebrates, and transmission among humans is mainly via respiratory droplets following direct human-to-human contact, although transmission can occur by other routes. The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is in the family Coronaviridae, and subfamily Coronavirinae. In conclusion, blood samples from many healthy individuals have pre-existing anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgGs, and IVIg may be an effective therapy for severe COVID-19. Blood samples from healthy individuals may have pre-existing anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgGs, and IVIg is a potentially effective therapy for severe COVID-19. Examination of the immune responses of healthy volunteers to each synthetic peptide indicated high seropositivity to the two peptides from S protein. The results indicated four peptides had significant or nearly significant seropositivity, and all of them were associated with the S and M proteins. Next, we synthesized 25 peptides that were conserved regions and tested their IVIg seropositivity. Thus, we performed multiple alignment analysis of the spike (S), membrane (M), and nucleotide (N) proteins from SARS-CoV-2 and the common coronaviruses to identify conserved regions. We speculated that cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 and other common coronaviruses might partially explain the clinical efficacy of IVIg therapy. Four related coronaviruses can cause the common cold. We administered IVIg to 23 severe COVID-19 patients, and all of them survived. However, some evidence suggests that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) provides clinical benefits for these patients. There are limited available treatments for severe COVID-19 patients.
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